ABSTRACT
Women who suffer out-of-hospital cardiac arrest receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) less frequently than that of men. Understanding the public perception on the necessity of the occurrence of life-saving disparities for fair intervention application to individuals with injuries and sickness is needed. The participants were undergraduate students of the university. Anxiety and irritability towards bystander CPR and AED operations were investigated. The participants of the analysis were 368 individuals (153 men and 215 women), of which 80.4% of men and 95.8% of women had anxiety about life-saving procedures. Regarding AED operation, 90 (58.8%) men and 74 (34.4%) women hesitated on removing clothing from a woman with injury or sickness. The reasons on women with injury and illness were less likely to be suitable with AEDs involved anxiety about life-saving procedures, litigation issues, and posting and spreading on social networking sites (SNS). Particularly, if men intervened with women with wounds, the main limitations were the risk of the act developing into a lawsuit and gaze of others, namely SNS. Bystander anxiety towards life-saving procedures was found to be strongly expressed by women. It also became evident that early recognition of cardiac arrest was not performed for patients with injuries 20–30% of the time. Training specifically for women with wounds and sickness may reduce sex differences in bystander CPR and AED application.
ABSTRACT
Purpose@#This study aimed to investigate inter-observer reliability among observers with different levels of proficiency and the diagnostic imaging reliability of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the retromolar canal. @*Materials and Methods@#CBCT images of 307 patients were assessed for the presence of retromolar canals (RMCs) by 3 observers independently. Diagnoses were made twice by each observer at intervals of more than 3 weeks. Inter-observer reliability was assessed using the kappa coefficient. One observer had no experience in diagnosis using CBCT images. Therefore, a specialist in diagnostic imaging explained the CBCT images for interpretation and practiced diagnostic imaging together with this observer, while the other observer interpreted the images independently. Thereafter, the observers re-evaluated the images. @*Results@#The interobserver kappa coefficients (including bilateral RMCs) calculated at the first reading were low, ranging from 0.21 to 0.61. Their values ranged from 0.95 (right side) to 1.00 (left side) after one-on-one practice with a diagnostic imaging specialist, while the values ranged from 0.65 (right side) to 0.66 (left side) without one-on-one practice. @*Conclusion@#Diagnostic accuracy was improved through diagnostic imaging practice. To improve the anatomical interpretation of images, it is important to practice diagnostic imaging with a specialist in diagnostic imaging. One-on-one instruction about diagnostic imaging was an effective method of training.